我国石窟寺大多以砂岩崖体为赋存载体,在自然环境影响下存在多种类型的风化病害,尤其是表面粉化剥落病害较为常见,特点是分布规模大、范围广,对砂岩文物表面历史风貌以及艺术欣赏价值影响极大,亟待探索可行有效的风化病害加固工艺。以北石窟寺表面粉化剥落病害为研究对象,针对表面粉化剥落病害依附岩体不同的表面形状特征,分别选用喷洒加固、贴敷吸附加固、滴渗加固三种工艺进行现场试验。通过系列试验得出喷洒加固的关键参数,验证贴敷吸附加固法下加固材料溶质的有效性,借助多种定性和定量方法评价北石窟寺砂岩在各加固工艺下的保护效果,明确表面粉化剥落病害在不同形态赋存空间下砂岩石窟寺加固工艺的适应性,其中喷洒渗透加固为基础性工艺,贴敷吸附加固和滴渗加固可与其相互组合,满足不同的加固需求。研究为探索石窟寺精细化防风化加固技术和加固效果评估提供了参考价值和实践意义。

Most cave temples in China are hosted in sandstone cliffs, which are susceptible to various weathering-induced deteriorations under environmental influences. Among these, surface pulverizing and exfoliation are particularly prevalent, characterized by their extensive distribution and severe impact on the historical and artistic value of sandstone cultural heritage. Feasible and effective consolidation techniques are urgently required to address these issues. Taking the surface pulverizing exfoliation disease at the North Grotto Temple of Qingyang as an example, three reinforcement methods were tested based on the morphological features of the deteriorated surfaces, including spraying, emulsion adsorption and drip infiltration. Through systematic experiments, critical parameters for spraying reinforcement were identified, and the efficacy of solute materials in emulsion adsorption was validated. The results of three methods for reinforcing sandstones of the North Grotto Temple were also evaluated by various qualitative and quantitative analyses.The study clarified the adaptability of these techniques to surface pulverizing exfoliation disease on different sandstone grotto temples, argued that spraying functioned as the foundational method, combined with emulsion adsorption and drip infiltration to meet diverse consolidation requirements. It provides practical insights and methodologies for refining anti-weathering reinforcement technologies and evaluating their effectiveness in cave temple conservation.