大足小佛湾毗卢庵造像是一个简化和改造的金刚界大曼荼罗,以五方五佛、四维四波罗蜜构成内院九尊,与晚唐以及宋元时藏传寺窟、敦煌西夏窟壁画一致,但增加上下方二菩萨。外院诸尊以柳本尊行化十身、见证八圣以及八大明王构成,其中行化八身象征八大供养菩萨,与见证八圣构成十六尊,分布四方,以替代十六大菩萨之数。行化二身分布上下方,与内院上下方二菩萨相应。八大明王包括四摄明王、四护明王,共成八大护法。窟门、窟顶、窟外造像为外金刚部,上部145尊坐佛象征贤劫千佛,下部20尊天王、明王象征十方外金刚。毗卢庵金刚界大曼荼罗造像表现赵智凤由凡入圣、以身供养、即身成佛的瑜伽密教思想和川密风格,是佛教中国化的典型案例。

The statues of the Pilu Cave at Xiaofowan of the Baodingshan Rock Carvings in Dazu forms a simplified and transformed Vajradhātu Mahā Maṇḍala. The inner court of the Pilu Cave is inhabited by nine deities, including the Five Tathāgatas and the Four Pāramitā Bodhisattvas, which are consistent with statues of Tibetan Buddhist temples and grottoes in the late Tang, the Song and the Yuan dynasties, and of the Xixia caves at Dunhuang. Different from both, there are two Bodhisattvas added to the upper left and right of Vairocana. The outer court of the Pilu Cave is inhabited by Liu Benzun's ten bodies of ascetic practices, the Eight Sacred Witnesses and the Eight Mahā-Vidyarājas. Among them, the eight bodies of Liu Benzun symbolizing the Eight Offering Bodhisattvas, and the Eight Sacred Witnesses jointly constitute the sixteen deities, which are distributed in four directions and equal to the Sixteen Great Bodhisattvas. The other two Liu Benzun's bodies of ascetic practices occupy the upper left and right of the outer court, corresponding to two additionally-added Bodhisattvas in the inner court. Along the lowermost of the outer court are standing the Eight Mahā-Vidyarājas, including the Four Deities Guarding Four Directions and the Four Deities Protecting Four Corners and representing the Eight Guardian Deities. The statues along the gateway, roof and outside walls of the cave constitute the Outer Vajradhātu. The upper 145 seated statues represent the Thousand Buddhas of Bhadrakalpa, the lower 20 devarajās and vidyarajās symbolize the deities of the ten directions who haven't got the name of Vajra and the empowerment granted by Vairocana. The statues involving Vajradhātu Maṇḍala in the Pilu Cave at Xiaofowan of the Baodingshan Rock Carvings in Dazu illustrate Zhao Zhifeng's ascetic practices, offering to Buddhism, attaining enlightenment and becoming Buddha, which reflects the doctrine of Vajrayāna and the manner of Sichuan Esoteric Buddhism and is a typical case of making Buddhism Chinese.