During the Tubo’s management of the Silk Road, the translation and dissemination of Buddhist scriptures 
became a central focus of the spread of civilization and cultural exchange. The Chinese translation of the Sutra 
of the Vows of Samantabhadra serves as a classic example of Buddhist scripture translation along the Silk Road 
and the Tang-Tubo Ancient Road. With strong support from the Tubo royal court, the Tibetan Zen master Yeshe 
Yang, leading his team of Tibetans and allied monks, carved numerous statues of Vairocana and the Eight Great 
Bodhisattvas along the Tang-Tubo Ancient Road. On the side of these statues, the Esoteric Buddhism scripture, 
Sutra of the Vows of Samantabhadra is often inscribed. Due to the widespread faith and dissemination of this 
scripture along the Tang-Tubo Ancient Road and in Dunhuang, under the decree of the Tibetan emperor, the 
Tibetan translator Wufenbie translated the sutra into Chinese based on the Tibetan version which could serve as the reference text for proofreading and correcting discrepancies and errors in the Chinese copies during the transmission process.